Chapter 1: Application of BIM in Construction Processes

1.0: Introduction

1.1. Research Background

            Building Information Modelling is a crucial process where different tools and technologies are incorporated with the help of which the physical and functional characteristics of the projects are presented in the digital format (Succar, 2009). In the construction sector, the inclusion of Building Information Modelling is evident as the key catalyst to foster increased productivity and innovation. In the overall construction process, BIM proves assistive to make the construction projects sustainable. Other than this, BIM also improves the efficiency of the construction projects in terms of scheduling the projects, their designing, and facility management process (Bui, Merschbrock & Munkvold, 2016).

The construction sector of Singapore is accounted to have value to around $19.5 billion as per the data recorded in the year 2021. It is expected that during the period of 2023-2026, this growth will achieve AAGR to around more than 4% (Global Data, 2022). In Singapore, the use of Building Information Modelling is greatly supported by the government specifically in the construction sector. Since the year 2015, all construction projects in Singapore, with gross floor area of 5000 square meter have followed the BIM format (Teo et al., 2016).

1.2. Aim and Objectives

Aim

            The aim of this research study is to critically evaluate the use of BIM (Building Information Modelling) to bridge construction processes efficiency gaps in Singapore.

Objectives

• To analyse the key features of building information modelling (BIM) that make it fit for the construction projects
• To determine the current construction project management practices that are followed in Singapore construction projects to identify the efficiency gaps
• To determine the role/implications of BIM towards improvement in the construction projects’ efficiency gaps in Singapore construction sector
• To find out the new measures that can make use of BIM more effective in Singaporean construction projects to bridge the efficiency gaps 

1.3. Research Rationale

            Construction sector is widely explored in the past research studies that are conducted in the field of the project management. The subject of BIM is also studied by the researchers in the different contexts (Jung & Joo, 2011), however, in the particular context of role and effectiveness of BIM for improvement in the Singaporean construction project, no particular and detailed research study is conducted till date and hence bridging this gap in the past research field is the most important motivation behind undertaking this research study. Another rationale behind undertaking this research is that there is further ample scope to conduct research in the Singaporean construction select related to BIM implications. The research study will have significant implications in theoretical and practical terms where in practical terms it will help the construction project managers in Singapore to improvise the efficiency of their project with the adoption of new measures of BIM. In the academics, the research will benefit the future researchers as well as scholars in terms of gaining new knowledge on the subject matter and finding new ideas for further research works.   

1.4. Organisation of Research

The research study will be organised in the form of some sequential chapters that are presented below:

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Chapter 3 Research Methods

Chapter 4 Findings and Discussion

Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1. Introduction

            Literature review in a research study focuses on exploration of the past research studies that are conducted on a particular context of the research (Paul & Criado, 2020). A literature review portrays the findings and perspectives of several authors on a specific topic or subject. It depicts previous studies and information collected in them in support of a particular topic. Relevant information is collected through journals, articles, and books regarding the topic. The literature review chapter of this research study is focused to examine the role of building information modelling in the construction project management field for the purpose improving the efficiency level. The research study is seeking to examine the concept of the building information modelling (BIM), key features of BIM and its role in improving the efficiency of the construction projects and the measures that can be taken to make the implication of BIM more effective in the construction projects.

2.2. Concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM) 

            According to Li et al. (2019), building information modelling is the commercial process of creating and utilising building data throughout a building’s lifecycle. The term “building information model” describes a digital representation of a structure’s structural and functional details. The use of digital building data for efficient sharing is known as facility and Building Information Management. Combining PHP’s production-oriented qualities with the object-oriented attributes of Building Information Modeling (BIM) gives benefits that enhance decision-making and collaborative working while increasing productivity. There are basically three functions that are included in the building information modelling process such as Building Information Modeling, Building Information Model and Building Information Management.          

            According to Jalaei, Zoghi & Khoshand (2021), Building information modeling (BIM) has been in greater demand within the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector over the past decade or so, as the sustainable building movement has continued to gain steam. Because it brings new procedures and methods for providing designs, construction, and facilities management services, BIM has a considerable impact on design practice. By combining exogenous elements like location and local design requirements with exogenous factors like 2D and 3D aspects that are effective on building design, the BIM is seen as an effective approach to reduce the amount of waste. As a result, it can serve as a single source for all building information.

            NIST (2012) has defined that Building information modelling (BIM) is regarded as one of the spatial and data communication ideas that is frequently utilised in the AEC industry and may be systematically and effectively integrated with identification and data gathering technologies. Furthermore, Liu et al. (2015), by improving the quality and accuracy of design and construction, the BIM helps to avoid mistakes, duplications, and unforeseen design modifications. These include strengthening simulation and analysis, coordinating and communicating for collaborative working, assessing lifecycle information, and incorporating sustainable design across the project lifecycle, demonstrating that the current use of BIM has advantages across the project lifecycle.

            Additionally, Won et al. (2016) and Hamidi et al. (2016) have explored that 15% reduction in construction waste might be achieved by using BIM-based design validation, which includes clash detection and design review. To reduce waste, numerous studies on the design system based on BIM and other management techniques have been conducted. Through the use of BIM a database can be created on the materials used in building demolition.

            In the same series, Cheng and Ma (2013) have explored that BIM concept is used for planning vehicles for garbage collection system and estimate demolition waste and disposal charge price. Jrade and Jalaei (2013) suggested an approach that may be utilised to create sustainable design for proposed buildings at their conceptual stage while taking into account their EIs, with an emphasis on the integration of the BIM, Management Information Systems, and LCA. Furthermore, Won et al. (2017) proposed their BIM-based approaches to effective C&D waste management and minimization, outlining who should be involved, how information should be generated and shared between project participants, and how the limitations in C&D waste management and minimization processes and technologies can be addressed by implementing BIM in AEC projects.

2.3. Role of BIM Toward Improving Efficiency of the Construction Project

            Bock & Linner (2015) have explored that the construction sector deals with issues like inadequate productivity, a high risk of construction-related injuries, and subpar environmental performance. These issues are related to the comparatively delayed uptake and incorporation of modern information technology and industrialization principles including standardisation, modularization, mechanisation, automation, and robotics. Prefabrication Housing Production (PHP), a novel approach in the construction sector, applies industrialization concepts to all phases of a project’s lifecycle, including design, production, transportation, on-site assembly, maintenance, and deconstruction.

            According to Yin et al. (2019), due to their numerous advantages for project stakeholders, such as improved design visualisation, improved data exchanges, reduced construction waste, improved productivity, and higher product quality, building information modelling (BIM) and off-site construction (OSC) are increasingly used in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. Tan et al. (2019) have also explored that the introduction of Building Information Modeling (BIM) presents fresh chances to maximise the effectiveness of prefabricated construction. The delivery of prefabricated building requires the use of BIM, which is a digital representation of a built facility and provides a crucial line of “integration”. By combining BIM and RFID, reduced scheduling hazards in prefabricated building, a physical internet-enabled BIM platform can be established to boost resource management effectiveness and reduce human error in prefabricated building.

            Furthermore, Wong, Rashidi & Arashpour (2020) have examined that due to the high percentage of unskilled labourers in the workforce, the construction industry experiences low productivity levels globally. In order to integrate design and construction processes with the goal of increasing productivity, there is a considerable need to transition from conventional procedures to cutting-edge methods, such as Building Information Modeling. The success of the BIM implementation process depends on convincing more organisations, especially small and medium-sized businesses (SME), to switch to building information modelling (BIM).

                In terms of the role of BIM in improving the efficiency level of the construction projects, Zhang et al. (2019), proposed BIM as a tool to implement the concepts of lean construction in order to boost project quality, collaborate more effectively across work teams, and cut waste to increase construction efficiency. With the use of the BIM platform the use of information technology can be integrated in the construction sector projects in order to have waste minimisation and controlling the depletion of resources. The use of BIM in the construction projects is done as an advanced technology for enhancing the efficiency level of the projects. The main role of BIM in the construction sector is to enhance the level of labour productivity.

            In other words of Azhar, Khalfan & Maqsood, (2015), building information modelling (BIM), which has anecdotal evidence of efficacy in increasing construction productivity, has emerged as a revolutionary invention in the last ten years. Before a project is ever built, it can be digitally visualised thanks to the BIM platform’s methodology and technology. Through the course of a project’s lifecycle, it offers a platform for resource sharing that enables close coordination between project owners, design consultants, and contractors. Furthermore, Wong, Rashidi & Arashpour (2020) have elaborated that the architecture, engineering and construction sector has entered a new age as a result of BIM’s growth over the past ten years. Instead of solid models with only geometrical lines and shapes used in a 2D format, the building elements in the BIM platform are represented by a 3D digital model that offers inherent features like the material characteristics, volume, and position of an object.

            Despite BIM’s success and the advantages it provides for construction projects, small- and medium-sized construction firms are still hesitant to make the switch because there is no empirical evidence to support it. However, over the past few decades, research has increasingly sought to quantify the effect of BIM on construction productivity. For instance, Coates et al. (2010) looked into the BIM-based method for measuring labour productivity for structural formwork. They discovered that monitoring and controlling the development of the construction project makes it the easiest to gather information on productivity. They also talked about how procedures like quantity take-off and 3D BIM modelling could enhance productivity assessment. They did not consider how BIM may affect productivity, which explains why these improvements occurred.    

2.4. Key Features of Building Information Modelling (BIM) that Make it Fit for Construction Projects

            Building information modelling is an advanced technology that is based on information technology means and hence it makes the human work easier and faster. There are multiple factors associated with BIM that makes it fit for the construction project and the entire sector. According to Shaqour (2022) the core factors of BIM include improvement in the process and uniformly affect all management domains, descriptive information, keeping the building schedule, enhancing cost control, and dealing with stakeholders from various backgrounds. If the construction processes are connected to BIM principles, BIM technology would be effective in managing projects at any stage during the entire project lifecycle. Furthermore, Amin & Abanda (2019) have revealed that another important factor related to BIM is that with the use of this tool, all the stakeholders of a project can work in collaboration with each other and hence the project success can be ensured in a good way in the entire construction sector.

            In the views of Haruna, Shafiq & Montasir (2021), BIM fosters digital machine-readable documentation about building performance, planning, construction, and operation is used to assist various tools, procedures, and technologies known as information management. Another factor of BIM is an interoperable digital technology that is used to design, organise, manage, trade, and distribute building information. The phrase “a combination of interacting regulations, processes, and technologies generating a methodology to manage the fundamental building design and project data in digital format throughout the building’s lifecycle” shows another significant factor associated with BIM that make it fit and suitable to be applied in the construction sector.

            In the same line, Pan, Langosch & Bock (2017) have examined that the core factors of BIM that makes it applicable preferably in the construction sector are Modern visualisation, design, project construction planning, scheduling, and cost estimation processe. Like Revit and ArchiCAD, which convert construction project drawings and papers from classical case to object-oriented 3D models based on information that describes buildings in detail, many BIM software applications were created as modelling tools. The potential of this technology goes beyond just data collection and processing, but also managing it across all parties.

            Another study conducted by Othman et al. (2021) has revealed that BIM is a new technology for designing and building construction projects and it can offer a relational database that is connected and an intelligent 3D object-oriented database that represents integrated information. BIM is an n-D modelling application that combines 3D modelling with a project schedule, costing tool, and management support tool to improve communication and teamwork between project stakeholders. The construction sector has benefits of BIM as an innovative technology.

            In the viewpoints of Enshassi, Al Hallaq & Tayeh (2019), numerous earlier studies examined the crucial success factors of BIM adoption in the construction sector, including conflict detection, simulation of the four dimensions of the construction process, earlier 3D project visualisation, and improved performance and quality of the construction project. Information and communication technology’s favourable impact on the construction sector in terms of design and management is taken into account by BIM. BIM systems now routinely deal with various applications including multidimensional CAD data, and they also encompass all phases of a construction project from the design to the operation phases.

            In other words of Anuar & Abidin (2015), BIM is a modelling system that creates, evaluates, and transmits building models over the course of a project, improving the quality and productivity of the construction industry. This technology’s benefits include better project cost management. Implementing technology, such as BIM innovations that decreases project cost and time, boosts quality and productivity, and decreases waste, is the major goal for project stakeholders. BIM makes it possible to improve many different aspects, including project lifecycle management, sustainable design, alternative solutions, construction process visualisation, and tendering procedures. The use of the BIM can be done in the construction sector as a tool to manage and control the project.

            In the words of Pan, Ilhan & Bock (2018), one intelligent management factor that addresses the complexity of construction projects and stakeholder expectations is BIM. In order to avoid several risks, such as cost and time overruns, projects have a number of subtasks that are completed through systematised processes like procurement, scheduling, mobilisation, etc. Precision and feedback are essential components for successful management. A process-based database platform enables data flow among all stakeholders and strives to combine project information to produce solutions.

2.5. Key BIM Practices that are Followed in the Construction Projects Presently to Maintain Efficiency   

Exploring the key practices and applications of the BIM in the reference to construction industry, it has been depicted by Azhar, Nadeem, Mok, and Leung, (2008) that to coordinate the construction site survey, design, engineering, and construction of a building project, the BIM process makes use of sophisticated 3D computer models.  The BIM process offers a more effective means to monitor and control construction progress as well as greater coordination and communication across all disciplines participating in the process. An intelligent 3D computer model of the potential building site is made using the information from the site survey. This computer model can be used by engineers, architects, and project managers to plan and design the building.

In addition to this, Azhar, (2011) has also reflected that the BIM procedure produces a virtual model of the planned building during the design phase. In addition to this, the author has also analyzed that a variety of design elements, including structural soundness, fire safety, and energy efficiency, can be tested using this virtual depiction. Clash detection is another feature of the BIM process that aids in identifying and resolving potential conflicts across various disciplines throughout the design phase.

In the views of Boddupalli, Sadhu, Rezazadeh Azar, and Pattyson, (2019), the monitoring and developing timeline is also a key practice of BIM process. BIM is used for developing a timeline during the construction phase once the design is complete. As-built drawings, which are used to record the finished construction, can also be made using the BIM method. In addition to this, the authors further elaborated that BIM also includes the practices to integrate the information. For this, BIM directs to use different advance software and applications such as Autocad in construction planning and modelling. It also uses the virtual reality applications to design the model of the building and evaluate the feasibility of the project. BIM’s integration of information reduces the need for rework on drawings and documentation, improving stakeholder communication and raising the calibre of both. On site and during the design phase, waste is decreased. Manual effort is avoided and the information of the management system is synced at all times by connecting design information to cost estimate, budget, and schedule.

In addition to this, Bhusar, and Akhare, (2014) have reflected that usage of BIM in the structural engineering designing. In the views of the author, BIM models can include time and cost data associated to them and are 3D geometrically represented in a variety of proprietary formats. In other words, the fundamental idea behind BIM is used to generate data-rich, object-oriented digital models of buildings available for simulation and analysis for use in design, construction, and operation. Geometry, material attributes, and loading conditions for an analysis are the three essential competencies for structural engineering that are integrated into BIM software. These can all be created right out of a BIM model and then saved, altered, and used by such BIM software. Practicing import options through BIM applications makes it simple to add data from other apps and easily maximise the work. Designing Slabs, Foundations, Beams, Columns, Walls, Ramps, etc. with a choice of different shapes and types that suit your demands is a wonderful option.

            Along with this, Zeibak-Shini, Sacks, Ma,and Filin, (2016) have critically explored that the one of the key practices of BIM can be seen effectively in the Reinforced Concrete, which is a major aspect of construction related practices. In existing time, BIM applications are generally practiced for building and simulating 3D reinforced concrete with rebar detailing. Every structural member may be planned, documented, tracked, and controlled utilising rebar detailing software. The creation of an effective and accurate reinforcement model is made possible by the ability to import structural calculations from structural analysis applications using the appropriate rebar detailing solution. Rebar designs, details, and lists can be automatically generated using three-dimensional rebar cages, boosting efficiency. Contrary to manual adjustments to 2D views and sections, automation also makes changes to the rebar details and updates to drawings and schedules rapid and easy. Using the availability of information like Unit Costs, Order of Magnitude Estimates, Square Foot and Cubic Foot Estimates, quantity survey and estimating have become simple with BIM models.

In addition to this, Kaner, Sacks, Kassian, and Quitt, (2008) have depicted the practices of BIM in precast concretes, which plays a major role in building of large size bridges, roads and dams. In the process of pre-casting of concretes, BIM is practices to plan, build, and maintain that building is contained in the digital model. As the digital model is developed, more and more information is included to portray the building as it is being constructed and ultimately used. Prefabricators, which include producers of steel and precast concrete, have updated their design processes to incorporate BIM extensively in order to speed up the issuance of fabrication drawings and reduce the amount of time and effort required for coordination once the project team has agreed upon the project’s flow, connection design, and visual appearance. Understanding the needs for precast construction using BIM models is helpful whether they are slabs, walls, or façades. With shop drawing technology, it makes complex precast components planning easy and effective.

            Along with this, Wang, et al (2013) has clearly defined that BIM can be also practiced effectively in development of work task information framework. To connect workflow/work tasks with geometric assemblies and different information types, the Work Task Information Framework has been proposed. Three levels make up the assembly classification: Assembly (for example, foundations), Sub-Assembly (for example, footings and foundation), and Construction Types (e.g. Cast-in-Place Concrete Walls). Despite the fact that the information they store may differ, the information categories for each Construction Type are the same. The items of information in each category and the organisation of sub-categories are defined in part by work tasks and means and methods. The Work Tasks connected to the construction type categorization are used to organise information in the Material Take-off, Estimate, Resources, Schedule, and Material Procurement categories.

            In this regard, on the basis of the analysis of different literature, it can be reflected BIM can be considered as major and effective framework, which have wider applications and practices in different aspects of construction processes.

2.6. New Measures that can Make Implication of BIM more Effective in Construction Projects 

On the basis of the review of different literature, it can be reflected that in construction business, BIM has a significant importance, which makes the process of construction more efficient and effective. However, for undertaking the construction project and embedding BIM applications in such project requires some crucial planning and considerations.

In order to implement BIM effectively, Azhar, Khalfan, and Maqsood, (2012) have suggested the significance of effective planning of the existing operations. The author reflects that a successful BIM plan must reflect the aims and goals of the project as well as the strategies for achieving them. In order for everyone to understand their participation in the project, the BIM plan should also specify the duties and responsibilities of everyone involved. There is a need of having a frequent and timely evaluation of the progress of the project in the alignment of BIM so that any kind of flaw in the process can detected in timely manner.  

In regard to this, Arayici, Egbu, and Coates (2012) have reflected that in order to shift from the conventional building and constructions process to BIM embedded construction processes, it becomes essential for the project manager to have effective communication and collaboration throughout the entire construction team. In this regard, author reflects that the effective teamwork between project manager and all project participants is ultimately prerequisite what makes a construction project successful. When a team works well together, everyone is aware of what the other project participants’ contributions mean to them and keeps up with any changes. Technology that facilitates BIM workflow has received praise for fostering improved communication between construction disciplines and resulting in higher-quality deliverables.

In support of this, Hedayati, Mohandes, and Preece, (2015) highlighted that in the absence of proper knowledge and awareness, the implication of BIM technology can be proved quite tough to be handled for the project managers. In this regard, a construction project manager is required to establish effective communication with the project team to make them understood the application of BIM processes and application in simple terms so that they can understand the BIM application and imply it in the project without any complications. Ghaffarianhoseini et al (2017) have explored that BIM involves a number of different technical and advanced applications to make the construction process simpler and less time consuming. In this regard, the project manger must develop a communication framework at which all project participants may more easily see and convey the design intent with the aid of the right BIM supporting tools. The accuracy and completeness of the design may be guaranteed when project participants can easily comprehend and review it.

Ogwueleka, (2015) has also explored that for the purpose of making the implication of BIM effectively; there is a need of having clear demonstration of the BIM model to all the team. In this regard, the author has recommended having Produce and publishing the new BIM model digitally so that everyone in the team can access and evaluate the model effectively. The author has further elaborated that since the invention of CAD, information has been created digitally, but interpreting that information has always required manual labour. Intelligent as-built models now contain all necessary construction information, and combining them with cutting-edge open BIM platforms can assist manage the fabrication shop floor while also making the BIM to Field concept a reality. This reduces errors and saves a significant amount of money on manual labour hours. Long-term, such a successful technological platform can automate supply chain operations and steer the machines on construction sites (M2M). 

Vysotskiy, Makarov, Zolotova, and Tuchkevich, (2015) have evaluated the BIM as an ongoing process, which requires frequent changes and amendments in the project as per the needs and changing conductions. In this regard, the authors have further reflected that a typical construction project is confined with several contingencies that include the shortage of funds, labour, environmental uncertainties and change in laws and regulations. In this regard, the author has suggested that there is a need of having a flexible and timely BIM plan which can be changed effectively as per the requirements of external environment.   

2.7. Summary and Gap

On the basis of the review of different literature, it can be reflected that BIM is a new generation regimes in the construction industry, which are directed to make construction process more effective, faster and less risky. The BIM induces the usage of 3D techniques, Virtual reality applications, digital modelling techniques which helps the construction project manager to have a clearer picture regarding what is required from the project and what would be the results of the project. It makes the planning of the project more efficient. The common practices of BIM can be seen in different phases of construction process including structural engineering designing, Reinforced Concrete, precast concretes and development of work task information framework. However, there is a need of effective planning and coordination among team before implementing BIM in the most effective manner. The in depth survey of the literature has reflected that there are ample of researches done on subject related to BIM and its implication in construction, but there are limited literature available on the implication of BIM in the specific reference to Singapore market. This will be considered as the major theoretical and knowledge gap which is tended to be bridged with the help of the presented findings of the research.  

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.1. Introduction

            Research methodology, in a broad sense, is essentially the detailed examination of various research methodologies (Wilson, 2014). A well-structured process for achieving the research objectives and addressing the chosen research topic is made possible by the research methodological framework in a study. The research methodology framework offers additional methodological choices that can serve as a foundation for the investigation of new knowledge about the research context in order to confirm the knowledge that currently exists about the specific research context (Sekaran and Bougie, 2016). The research methodology is focused to examine role of Building Information Modelling (BIM) towards improving the efficiency of the construction projects in the Singapore-based construction sector.

3.2. Research Philosophy

            A research study’s research philosophy serves as a set of guidelines on how to approach a certain problem in the actual world (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2016). Ontology and epistemology are the two main categories of philosophical viewpoints that can be found in the research investigation. While epistemology focuses on gathering the accurate knowledge and providing means to access it, ontology essentially focuses on investigating the fundamental authenticity of the information that is already available. The data collection in this research study is carried out using a quantitative survey method, and as a result, positivism philosophy is utilised, which is consistent with the epistemology approach (Rehman and Alharthi, 2016).

            The goal of the quantitative research study’s epistemology is to perform the research in a data-driven manner in which data interpretations can be made in light of human beliefs and perceptions of the real-world scenario (Muhaise et al., 2020). The application of positivism encourages the gathering of information about the study situation in a way that is independent of the subject being examined in the alignment of the epistemological philosophical instance. Since the data in this research study is collected in numerical form and positivism has provided a firm foundation for the data collecting goal, positivism has helped to provide better scientific outcomes through testing the results in a quantifiable manner. A firm commitment to learning facts through actual experience and observation served as the foundation for using this philosophical example in this study to learn facts regarding role of Building Information Modelling (BIM) towards improving the efficiency of the construction projects in the Singapore-based construction sector.

 The positivist philosophy also encourages the accurate measurement of quantitative data, which is why it was used in this research investigation. Because the data are gathered objectively based on the opinions of the data participants, the researcher is not heavily involved in the entire process of data collecting and data interpretation. As a result, this philosophy was determined to be the most appropriate for this research project (Kaushik and Walsh, 2019).

3.3. Research Approach

            The Saunder’s onion model offers alternate techniques, namely the inductive and deductive approach, to perform the research study in a methodical manner (Melnikovas, 2018). In this study, the deductive research strategy is preferred above the inductive research approach out of the two alternative approaches. The primary justification for employing the deductive technique in this research study is that it shares many characteristics with scientific inquiry, of which this research study is also one. The examination of prior research projects is used to produce hypotheses, which are subsequently tested with the aid of quantifiable data using the deductive research approach (Creswell and Creswell, 2018). Deductive technique is determined to be the best suitable approach in the research study since in this research study as well, hypotheses are produced based on the literature review and these are tested with the aid of statistical analysis tests. When using the deductive strategy, the research study first collects data from the general focus level before conducting data analysis to get to the specific level of focus and determining whether or not the hypotheses are supported. The deductive research strategy is directly related to quantitative research studies, and since this study is also conducted as a quantitative research study, it was done so in accordance with the deductive research approach. Through systematic exploration of a wider range of literature sources, the deductive approach is chosen for this study. A variety of hypotheses are then developed based on the literature excerpts, and the veracity of the hypotheses is assessed by testing them using a statistical data collection and data analysis approach (Choy, 2014).

3.4. Strategies

The Saunders Onion model offers a variety of approach alternatives to guide every specific research project, including experimental research, action research, survey methods, interview methods, and case study methods (Melnikovas, 2018). According to the data requirements and the primary goal of performing the research, the most appropriate strategy is chosen for the study (Choy, 2014). Since the primary goal of this research study is to collect quantifiable, measurable, and objective data, the survey method is employed as the main research methodology. In addition, the goal of this research is to collect data from a wider sample, and the survey method makes it possible to do just that. For these reasons, it was selected as the best strategy for this study. The adoption of the survey as the main approach developed for this research study is justified for a number of different reasons, including the fact that it is a time and money-saving method of data gathering. Large amounts of data can be gathered from a larger number of respondents using the survey approach, allowing the research study to examine the research problem from many different angles.

3.5. Choices of Methods

There were three different methodological options accessible for this research study’s technique selection: mono-method, mixed-method, and multi-method (Mallinson, Childs and Herk, 2013). In this research study, mono-method is chosen from these three options. In the mono-method approach, just one way of data collecting is used, and the survey method is the only method used in this research project. The primary data collection approach is the main research methodology that is appropriate for this study (Queirós, Faria, and Almeida, 2017). A total of 81 Construction project managers of Singapore will make up the ultimate sample size for the primary data collection phase of this research study, which will be completed with the aid of an online survey questionnaire. With the use of the purposive sampling approach, the sample is chosen. Based on the key traits and characteristics of the sample population, the purposive sampling technique has made it easier to choose the final sample (Ryan, 2013). The Singaporean construction project managers in this research study are chosen as the core sample using the purposive sampling method because they have the best understanding of the research context of role of Building Information Modelling (BIM) towards improving the efficiency of the construction projects in the Singapore-based construction sector.

3.6. Time Horizons

Cross-sectional and longitudinal time periods are the two options for conducting research, according to Saunders’ model. Cross-sectional studies collect data from a single sample group at a single time point, whereas longitudinal research studies conduct their research study over a longer period of time in a specific research environment or setting (Queirós, Faria, and Almeida, 2017). Because the data collection for this study is done at a certain point in time from a specific sample concerning the research setting, it is conducted as a cross-sectional study.

3.7. Techniques and Procedures

The online survey method is the main data collecting strategy employed in this research study for data collection purposes (Roshan and Deeptee, 2009). In this study, the questionnaire tool is employed to perform the online survey. The quiz is created using Google Forms as a structured questionnaire. Participants receive links to the survey forms through their emails, and only emails are used to gather the completed forms. The invitation was posted online and who were interested in participating in the survey process in order to choose the final sample for the survey process were selected. The consent letter and a draught of the research were then sent to the individuals who indicated their interest in the data collection process via an online survey in order to inform them of the study’s academic goal and to assure them that there would be no risk to them if they participated in the entire data collection process.

3.8. Data Analysis

The data that was gathered for this research study using the survey method is entirely objective data that is presented in numerical form. This survey’s data are analysed using quantitative data analysis techniques, descriptive analysis using MS-Excel, where the graphical data presentation method is applied (Cleophas and Zwinderman, 2010).

3.9. Ethical Considerations

            Important ethical concerns have been incorporated into the research in order to accomplish this project in line with all ethical standards (Leavy, 2017). Making sure that the project managers participated voluntarily in the survey process is the first ethical issue that needs to be addressed in this study. By giving the participants the cover letter and the draught of the proposal to inform them of the academic goal of this research, a signed consent is obtained from the participants in order to demonstrate this research study’s ethical compliance. The survey procedure only includes people who voluntarily agree to participate in the data collection process. Second, this research study complies with the ethical standards of data privacy and confidentiality (Clark-Kazak, 2017). Any type of personal information about the participants, including their names, phone numbers, email addresses, addresses, dates of birth, or other details, is neither collected nor disclosed in this research in order to meet this criterion. Instead, the participants’ true identities are kept anonymous in this study. Thirdly, care has been taken in this research study’s participant selection method to ensure that no sample members are chosen from any vulnerable groups, such as criminals, refugees, people with mental disabilities, children, people with disabilities, prisoners, or any other category. The participants who have been chosen for the purpose of collecting data are also able to discontinue participation at any point during the data collection procedure. In this research study, there is no issue of violating the copyright acts or General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). For meeting this ethical criterion in this research study, none of the data is copied from any source (Tripathi, 2013).

3.10. Summary

            Overall, the Saunders Onion Model-supported research methodology framework created here has made the quantitative research technique transparent. With the aid of the survey method, which is chosen in consideration of positivism philosophy and deductive research methodology, quantitative methodology is used in this study. Utilizing MS-Excel software, descriptive analysis is used to examine the data that was gathered through the use of a survey. The ethical factors that are taken into account in this research study are also summarised in the chapter. Additionally, the research study’s validity and reliability constructs are offered at the conclusion of the study.

Chapter 4 Findings and Discussion

4.1 Introduction

            Data analysis is the most important part of the research study (). The data analysis in this chapter is done with the help of graphical data presentation method where the pie-charts are developed in the form of 3D charts that are developed in MS-Excel. A detailed discussion of the survey data findings is also done in the same chapter in the light of the literature data sources.   

4.2 Survey Data Findings

Gender

The gender data reflected that from the total sample population, 60% respondents were mail and 35% were female. The remaining 5% did not specify their gender (See Above Graph).

Experience Level

In relation to the experience level of the respondents, the graphical data reflected that 40% were having experience of 4-5 years, 25% had 2-3 years, 20% had 6-7 years and the remaining 15% had more than 7 years (See Above graph).

Use of BIM in the organisation

When the respondents were asked about the use of BIM in their organisation, 8% said that 2 years, 21% said 3 years, 38% said 4 years, and the other 33% said more than 4 years (See Above Graph). The analysis of this data reflected that, BIM is in practice in the Singaporean construction organisation from years.

BIM is the most crucial process in the construction industry

When the respondents were asked that BIM is the most crucial process in the present day construction industry, 55% were strongly agreed,, 32% sere agreed on this point. The other 9% were neutral on this point and 3% were disagreed and 1% were strongly disagree (See Above graph). The analysis of this data reflected that in all construction companies, BIM is used as the most crucial tool in the present time.

BIM is the supportive for improving efficiency in the construction projects

When the respondents were asked that BIM is quite supportive towards improvement in the efficiency of the construction projects, it was responded by 68% respondents that they strongly agree on this point. The other 19% were agreed on the same point. 8% were neutral on this point and the remaining 3% were disagreed and 2% were strongly disagreed on this point (See above graph). From the analysis of this data, it has been interpreted that that in the construction projects, with the use of the BIM, the overall efficiency of the project can be enhanced to the most possible level.

Building information modelling provides prefabricated construction process

When the respondents were asked about that whether the building information modelling provides prefabricated construction process, 55% respondents said that they strongly agreed, BIM provides construction process in prefabricated manner. The other 26% were agreed that yes it makes construction process prefabricated. The other 15% were neutral on this point and the 2% were disagree and other 2% were strongly disagree (See Above Graph). The analysis of this data clearly reflected that with the use of BIM the construction process can be made prefabricated. 

BIM platform can boost resource management effective and reduce human errors

When the respondents were asked that whether BIM platform can boost resource management effectiveness and reduce human errors in prefabricated construction projects, 69% respondents agreed that it improves resource management and results into reduction of human errors in the prefabricated construction projects. On the same aspect, 21% were agreed and 5% were neutral, 4% were disagree and 1% were strongly disagreed (See Above figure). From the analysis of this data, it has been interpreted that BIM in the construction sector projects have a very significant role in terms of determining  enhancement of the resource management process in the prefabricated construction projects and reduction of the human errors. 

BIM is tool to implement the concept of lean construction

Furthermore, when the respondents were asked that BIM is used as a tool to implement the concepts of lean construction in order to boost project quality, 70% respondents were agreed on this point and said that yes BIM tool is very much significant and hence used for the lean construction and enhances the project quality. The other 16% were agreed on this point and the remaining 7% were neutral on this point and 5% were disagree and 2% were strongly disagree on the same point (See above figure). From the analysis of this data, it has been interpreted that with the in the construction projects, BIM tool proves highly efficient and supportive for the purpose of not only for lean construction purpose but it also helps to boost the overall quality of the construction project.  

BIM platform makes use of information technology integrated in the construction sector projects

When the respondents were asked whether BIM platform makes use of information technology integrated in the construction sector projects, 56% respondents said that they strongly agreed that BIM platforms makes use of information technology integrated in the construction sector projects for waste minimisation and controlling the depletion of resources. 25% were agreed on the same, 10% were neutral on this point and the other 5% were disagree and 4% were strongly disagree (See above graph). From the analysis of this graphical data it has been analysed that BIM platforms are highly efficient and crucial with the integration of information technology and foster effective process for the purpose of waste minimisation and put a check on the depletion of resources.

BIM in the construction sector enhances the level of labour productivity

When the respondents were asked about the BIM in the construction sector enhances the level of labour productivity, 71% were strongly agreed on this point and the other 17% were agreed on the same point. The other 2% were neutral on this point and remaining 6% were disagree and 4% were disagree on the same point (See above graph). From the analysis of this data, it has been interpreted that BIM has wider implications in the construction sector for the purpose of labour productivity level enhancement. 

BIM technology is effective in managing projects at any stage during the entire project lifecycle

When the respondents were asked that whether BIM technology is effective in managing projects at any stage during the entire project lifecycle, 58% respondents were strongly agreed and the other 18% were agreed on this point that yes BIM technology is effective in managing projects at any stage of the entire project life cycle. From the remaining respondents, 7% were neutral on this point 8% were disagree and other 9% were strongly disagree (See above figure). From the analysis of this data, it has been interpreted that BIM and its role is not limited to any particular stage of the project life cycle. Rather BIM can be used and applied at all the stage of the project life in equal way in the most efficient manner. 

BIM fosters digital machine-readable documentation about building performance, planning, construction, and operation

When the respondents were asked that whether BIM fosters digital machine-readable documentation about building performance, planning, construction, and operation, 61% were strongly agreed on this point and the other 23% were agreed on this point that yes BIM renders significant solutions of digital machine-readable documentation. The other 6% were neutral on this point and the other 7% were disagreeing on this point and 3% were strongly disagree (See Above graph). From the analysis of this data, it has been interpreted that BIM as a tool is very much supportive to be used in the form of a digital tool for meeting different functional areas in the construction projects such as building performance, planning, construction, and operation.

BIM process offers a more effective means to monitor and control construction progress

When the respondents were asked that BIM process offers a more effective means to monitor and control construction progress, 78% were strongly agreed on this point that yes BIM process is highly effective for the purpose of monitoring and controlling the construction progress and the other 19% were agreed on this point. The other 1% were neutral on this point, the other 1% were disagree and 1% strongly disagree (See above graph). From the data analysis, it has been determined that in the construction progress, BIM has its contributing role in the most effectively in the process of monitoring and controlling the overall progress of construction.

 BIM is used for developing a timeline during the construction phase once the design is complete

When the respondents were asked about whether BIM is used for developing a timeline during the construction phase once the design is complete, it was responded by 61% respondents that they are strongly agreed that with the help of BIM, there can be developed a proper timeline during the construction project phase after the completion of the project design. The other 23% were agreed on the same point. 7% were neutral on this point and 6% were disagreeing and 3% were strongly disagreed (See above graph). From the analysis of this data, it has been interpreted that project timeline making which is a very crucial process is also accomplished to a great level with the help of BIM technology in the construction sector. Hence, it has been determined that BIM has a very crucial role in the Singaporean construction sector.

New measures must be followed in the Singaporean construction section

In response to the last question, the survey responses were different by different respondents that included successful BIM plan having aims and goals of the project as well as the strategies for achieving them, frequent and timely evaluation of the progress of the project in the alignment of BIM, effective communication and collaboration throughout the entire construction team, clear demonstration of the BIM model to all the team and having a flexible and timely BIM plan which can be changed effectively as per the requirements of external environment. All these practices are vital for making implication of BIM more effective in construction projects in Singapore.

4.3 Discussion

            The results of this research study are obtained as a result of the survey data that was taken. In this section, the conclusions from the survey data are addressed in relation to the findings from the literature. According to the results of the study, it has been hypothesised and debated that BIM has been put into practise in Singaporean construction organisations for a number of years. In response to the first research objective related to analyse the key features of building information modelling (BIM) that make it fit for the construction projects it is discussed that in the field of construction, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is now the most important technology that can be employed. The findings of the research on the literature indicated as well that yes, the construction industry does have wider implications of building information modelling for a variety of reasons (Jalaei, Zoghi & Khoshand, 2021). In addition, the discussion of the data revealed that the utilisation of BIM in construction projects has the potential to improve the overall efficiency of the project to the highest possible level. This was one of the key takeaways from the research.

            In response to the second objective of the research study, related to determine the current construction project management practices that are followed in Singapore construction projects it has been discussed that to identify the efficiency gaps building information modelling offers a prefabricated construction process, and there is evidence in the published literature to back up the claim that construction projects may be prefabricated with the assistance of building information modelling. The outcomes of the research offered a basis for further debate that a BIM platform may increase the efficiency of resource management and minimise the number of mistakes caused by human error in prefabricated building projects. With the use of BIM, building projects may have numerous benefits in terms of effectiveness, such as the reduction of human mistakes and the management of project resources, according to the research that was done on the topic. This was discovered through a survey of the relevant literature (Bhusar, and Akhare, 2014). In addition, the findings of the research indicated that the BIM tool may be utilised for the application of the lean construction concept. This indicates that the BIM tool is one of the most important digital technology tools that can directly increase the quality of the total project. BIM platforms make use of information technology that is incorporated into the projects that are carried out within the construction sector in order to minimise waste and maintain control over the consumption of resources. According to the findings of the research on the literature, the BIM tool is used throughout the entirety of the construction project process in order to reduce the amount of waste that is produced by building projects and maintain some level of control over the exhaustion of resources (Ogwueleka, 2015). It is possible to have broader consequences in the construction industry with the assistance of BIM for the goal of improving the overall level of labour productivity.

In response to the third research objectives related to role/implications of BIM towards improvement in the construction projects’ efficiency gaps in Singapore construction sector the discussion of the data findings reflected that it has also been brought out in the same vein that BIM and its function are not restricted to any certain point of the project life cycle discussions. Rather than that, Building Information Modelling is capable of being utilised and implemented at each step of the project life cycle in an equal way and in the most efficient manner. BIM as a tool is particularly helpful when employed in the form of a digital tool for the purpose of fulfilling several functional areas in construction projects. These functional areas include building performance, planning, construction, and operation. The building information modelling (BIM) technique has its contributing part in the most effectively monitoring and regulating the entire progress of the construction project. After an analysis of the relevant published material, it was found to be supported that with the assistance of BIM, the progression of a construction project may be regulated and monitored at the highest possible level (Boddupalli et al., 2019). The development of project timelines, which is an extremely important procedure, is also completed to a high extent with the assistance of BIM technology in the building and construction industry. As a result, it has been realised that BIM plays an extremely significant part in the building and construction industry in Singapore.

4.4 Summary

            From the analysis of this data and its discussion it has been summarised that BIM has a very important and crucial role in the construction sector for multiple purposes in terms of waste minimisation, quality improvement, efficiency, timeline designing and monitoring and controlling the progress. BIM and its implications are not only limited to any particular phase of project lifecycle but works throughout the entire lifecycle of the project. The discussion section clearly demonstrates the valid findings of the data in the light of literature data.

Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion

            This research study is focused to examine the role of BIM in the bridge construction project for improving efficiency of the project in Singapore. In order to address this research problem and focus, the research study has undertaken the primary data collection method of online survey that has been conducted with the Construction project managers in Singapore. The data analysis of the survey data is done with the help of graphical data presentation method. On the basis of data findings of the survey and its discussion, the key conclusions of the research study are presented in here.

            On the basis of the survey data findings it is concluded that that Singaporean construction firms had been using BIM for years. The initial study aim was to analyse the fundamental elements of building information modelling (BIM) that make it suitable for construction projects. BIM is presently the most significant technology in construction. Furthermore, it has been concluded that building information modelling has larger ramifications for the construction sector for several reasons. The statistics also showed that BIM may maximise building project efficiency. The conclusion has also addressed the research objective by clearly stating that the current construction project management practises used in Singapore construction projects have higher implications of BIM and furthermore, it has been suggested that building information modelling can be used to identify efficiency gaps and prefabricate construction projects. The research study findings also concluded that a BIM platform might improve resource management and reduce human error in prefabricated construction projects. As per the stud conclusion BIM may reduce human errors and improve project resource management in bridge construction projects. The research findings clearly revealed this. The research study has also concluded that using BIM for lean construction is also evident in the bridge construction projects in Singapore. BIM is one of the most essential digital technology tools that may immediately improve project quality. BIM platforms leverage information technology to reduce waste and regulate resource utilisation in building projects. The research findings concluded that the BIM tool is utilised throughout the construction project process to eliminate waste and regulate resource consumption. BIM also proves supportive to improve labour productivity in the bridge construction projects in Singapore.

            Based on the data findings further it is concluded that BIM and its function are not limited to any one point in the project life cycle. Instead, Building Information Modelling may be applied equally and efficiently throughout the project life cycle. BIM as a digital tool for building project functions is particularly useful. Functions include building performance, planning, construction, and operation. Building information modelling (BIM) aids in project monitoring and management. By reviewing relevant published material, it was concluded that BIM can help control and monitor construction project progress at the highest level. BIM technology helps the building and construction industry determines project timetables, which is crucial. Hence, BIM is vital to Singapore’s construction sector.

5.2 Recommendations

The key recommendations for the future research work are presented below:

• This research study has taken use of only the survey method in the data collection process, however in the future research other than mono-method, mixed method approach can be followed where the data collection will be done with the help of two methods where along with survey method, interview method could also be used for the purpose of collecting elaborated and in-depth data. The interview method will be proved highly supportive and effective in order to explore several other hidden aspects in the views of the interviewees that are remained unexplored in the survey method (Roberts, 2020).
• In the future research work, for having more realistic and practically applied data, the case study method can also be applied in the same context (Rashid, et al., 2019). The case study of any particular bridge of Singapore can also be selected in the future research work so that realistic data can be collected in terms of the use of BIM in this bridge construction project in terms of improving the efficiency of the project and meeting the project desired outcomes in the best possible manner.

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